Resumo A peritonite esclerosante encapsulante (PEE) é uma condição rara e grave, frequentemente associada à diálise peritoneal, caracterizada por obstrução intestinal, que pode ter uma evolução fatal em 20% dos pacientes. Apresenta-se como uma massa de tecido fibroso, recobrindo os tecidos viscerais, e pode comprometer o funcionamento fisiológico de todo o aparelho digestivo. O presente estudo relata um caso de PEE decorrente de diálise peritoneal (DP) devido à insuficiência renal por glomeruloesclerose focal e segmentar. No caso relatado, a paciente foi submetida a DP e passou por dois transplantes renais intervivos. São descritas as técnicas cirúrgicas e as medidas clínicas adotadas, que se revelaram úteis na resolução da obstrução intestinal, com melhora dos efeitos secundários da PEE. A dieta parenteral mostrou ser um importante fator para a manutenção do aporte nutricional, auxiliando na cicatrização e no nível sérico de proteínas, vitaminas e eletrólitos. A terapia com tamoxifeno e a administração de hipossulfito de sódio foram eficientes para retardar o avanço da PEE.

Abstract Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis (EPS) is a severe and rare condition frequently associated with peritoneal dialysis, characterized by bowel obstruction, with lethal consequences in 20% of the patients. The disease presents as a mass of fibrous tissue encapsulating visceral organs that may potentially compromise digestive tract function. This report describes the case of a patient under peritoneal dialysis (PD) due to chronic kidney disease secondary to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis diagnosed with EPS. The patient had undergone two living-donor kidney transplant procedures. Surgical techniques and clinical measures employed to unravel bowel obstruction are described, which have been shown to ameliorate EPS secondary complications. Parenteral nutrition has significantly contributed to afford adequate nutrition, improving tissue healing as well as serum protein levels, vitamins and electrolytes. Therapy with tamoxifen and sodium thiosulfate effectively delayed the development of EPS.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem worldwide. In Brazil, approximately 100,000 patients (January 2012) receive renal replacement therapy. Nevertheless, data on dialysis incidence in the Brazilian population are scarce. This study aims to analyze the incidence of patients starting dialysis therapy in São Paulo City, the largest Brazilian metropolis. METHOD: This cohort study analyzed data from 9,994 patients starting hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis funded by the Brazilian Public Health System during a 5-year period (2007-2011). Patient data for this study (recorded as electronic files) were obtained from the São Paulo City's Dialysis Regulatory Bureau, which regulates the allocation of patients requiring dialytic therapy. RESULTS: The dialysis incidence rates were 178, 174, 170, 185 and 188 per million population for the years 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The incidence rates increased with age. Hypertension and diabetes were the main etiologies diagnosed. Hemodialysis was the chosen dialysis modality in the majority of patients (92.6%), whereas the percentage of patients referred for peritoneal dialysis decreased from 10.1% to 5.5%. CONCLUSION: The incidence of patients starting renal replacement therapy from 2007-2011 in São Paulo was stable but higher than the projected incidence for the entire country. The authors emphasize the need for further studies of the incidence of dialysis in the Brazilian population and for the creation of a Brazilian registry of dialysis patients, which would be a valuable tool for developing healthcare policies and renal replacement therapy strategies.

Este artigo de revisão tem como objetivo apresentar as principais considerações sobre o transplante renal em pacientes HIV positivos. Na última década, com o advento da terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy - HAART), a evolução dos pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV) mudou significativamente, com uma acentuada diminuição das taxas de morbimortalidade nesta população. Neste contexto, o número de pacientes HIV positivos com doença renal crônica com necessidade de terapia dialítica vem aumentando progressivamente. Diante desta nova realidade, o transplante renal, antes considerado uma contraindicação absoluta para tais pacientes, passou a ser considerado uma alternativa de terapia substitutiva da função renal. Questões sobre o uso de imunossupressores neste grupo de pacientes e sua possível ação aumentando a replicação do HIV, além do risco de infecções oportunistas e de desenvolvimento de neoplasias, são amplamente discutidas. Porém, a experiência clínica nessa área mostra que a utilização dessas drogas para pacientes soropositivos parece ser segura, inclusive com relatos de ação antirretroviral de algumas das drogas imunossupressoras. Apesar disso, ainda hoje existem poucos relatos de transplantes nesta população. Em resumo, os dados da literatura sugerem que o transplante renal, seguindo critérios de seleção dos pacientes, parece ser uma alternativa segura como terapia de substituição renal em pacientes HIV positivos.

This review presents current considerations for renal transplantation in HIV patients. In the last decade, with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has significantly improved, showing a marked decrease in the rates of morbidity and mortality in this population. In this setting, the number of HIV-positive patients with end stage chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis is progressively growing. Kidney transplantation, previously considered as absolute contraindication for HIV-infected patients is currently, in the HAART era, considered a possible treatment alternative. Concerns for the effects of immunosuppressive drugs in these patients and the possible effects on progression of HIV disease, in addition to the risk of opportunistic infections and cancer development are widely discussed. Clinical experience in the HAART era shows that use of immunosuppressive drugs does not adversely affect HIV-seropositive patients. Furthermore, several transplant centers have reported improved patient and graft outcomes for kidney transplant recipients infected with HIV. In summary, results obtained so far are encouraging, supporting that renal transplantation, following specific selection criteria, can be considered an alternative of renal replacement therapy in HIV-infected patients.

O transplante de ilhotas é um procedimento em desenvolvimento, como alternativa para o tratamento do diabetes tipo 1 que está na fronteira entre o experimental e o clínico. É uma terapia celular na qual as células são implantadas em território diferente do fisiológico em que apenas determinado número incerto conseguirá se adaptar. Aperfeiçoar este processo para obter os mesmos resultados que no transplante de pâncreas, representa um desafio para o qual convergem contribuições da biologia celular, da imunologia e das técnicas de laboratório que se entrelaçam de maneira extremamente complexa. Este trabalho revisa a literatura expondo a evolução do procedimento, a sua metodologia atual e os resultados clínicos obtidos. As perspectivas futuras do transplante diante dos recentes avanços também são discutidas.

Islet transplant is an innovative treatment for type 1 diabetic patients, which still lies between experimental and approved transplant therapy. Islet cells are seeded in a non-physiological territory where an uncertain fraction will be able to adapt and survive. Thus, the challenge lies in improving the whole procedure, employing the tools of cell biology, immunology and laboratory techniques, in order to reach the results obtained with whole organ transplant. This review describes the procedure, its progress to the present methodology and clinical results obtained. Future perspectives of islet transplantation in the light of recent biotechnological advances are also focused.

O transplante simultâneo de pâncreas/rim tem indicações específicas, riscos e benefícios. O procedimento, cada vez mais realizado, traz vantagens se comparado ao paciente em diálise, em relação à qualidade de vida, anos de vida ganhos e evolução das complicações crônicas. Se o paciente tiver a opção de realizar o transplante de rim com doador vivo, que apresenta sobrevida semelhante do enxerto e do paciente aos dez anos, o procedimento deverá ser considerado. O transplante de pâncreas após rim, quando efetivo, pode melhorar a evolução das complicações cardiovasculares, mas em contrapartida provoca maior mortalidade nos primeiros meses após a cirurgia. O transplante isolado de pâncreas também ocasiona a maior mortalidade pós-operatória, resultado da complexidade do procedimento e da imunossupressão. O transplante de ilhotas tem sua indicação para um seleto grupo de diabéticos com instabilidade glicêmica.

Pancreas and kidney transplants have specific indications, benefits and risks. The procedure has become more common and more often as long-term success has improved and risks have decreased. Compared with a patient being on dialysis, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant offers a distinct advantage when it comes to mortality, quality of life and diabetic complications. Since there can be a living-donor kidney transplant,, a possibly similar patient and graft survival by 10 years follow-up, this procedure should be considered. Pancreas after kidney transplants, when successful, can improve microvascular complications compared with kidney transplant alone, but immediate mortality may be higher. Solitary pancreas transplantation can improve the quality of life in selected patients, but it may also increase the immediate risk of mortality due to the complexity of the surgery and the risks of immunosupression. The results of Islet transplantation differ from the higher metabolic performance achieved by whole pancreas allotransplantation and its applicability is limited to selected adult diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of acute renal failure (ARF) on the evolution of infants undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: We assessed 15 infants undergoing cardiac surgery who developed (ARF). Their demographic, clinical and surgical data, and evolution were analyzed. RESULTS: Their mean age was 4.4±4.0 months (8 days to 24 months). Twelve infants were males, and 4 patients already had ARF at surgery. The primary cause of ARF was immediate acute cardiac dysfunction in 10 infants, cardiac dysfunction associated with sepsis in 2 infants, and isolated sepsis in 3 infants. All children depended on mechanical ventilation during their postoperative period, 14 infants used vasoactive drugs, and 11 had an infectious process associated with ARF. Thirteen infants required dialytic treatment. Eleven infants developed oluguric ARF, and all had to undergo peritoneal dialysis; of the 4 patients with non-oliguric, 2 required dialysis, the main indication being hypervolemia. Of these 13 dialyzed infants, 4 died in the first 24 hours because of the severity of the underlying cardiac disease (mean urea level of 49±20 mg/dl). The mortality rate for the entire group was 60% , and it was higher among the patients with oliguria ARF (73% vs 25%, p<0.001). The cause of death was acute cardiac dysfunction in 6 infants (early type-1ARF) and sepsis in the 3 remaining infants (late type-2 ARF). CONCLUSION: The mortality rate of ARF associated with cardiac surgery in infants was hight, being higher among children with oliguria; peritoneal dialysis was indicated due to clinically uncontrolled hypervolemia and not to the uremic hypercatabolic state.

CONTEXTO: A incidência de linfocele em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal varia entre 0,6 e 18% e vários são os fatores relacionados à sua etiologia. A rejeição celular do aloenxerto renal tem sido descrita como um possível fator etiológico das linfoceles. OBJETIVO: Verificar a possível associação entre a ocorrência de linfocele e a rejeição celular aguda em transplante renais. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Estudo retrospectivo. AMOSTRA: 170 pacientes transplantados no período de março de 1992 a janeiro de 1997. LOCAL: Centro de referência hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Dos 19 pacientes que evoluíram com linfocele, 16 apresentaram pelo menos um episódio de rejeição celular aguda (84%), todos tratados com metilpredinisolona. A relação entre linfocele e rejeição foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0.04). O tratamento da linfocele foi realizado através de marsupialização peritoneal em 3 (15,3%) pacientes, drenagem percutânea em 7 (36.8%), marsupialização laparoscópica em 2 (10,5%) e tratamento conservador em 7 (36.8%). A evolução foi favorável em 15 (78.9%), 1 (5,3%) foi a óbito por causa não relacionada à linfocele e 3 (15,8%) perderam o enxerto devido a fatores imunológicos. O período médio de acompanhamento desssa casuística foi de 24,5 meses. CONCLUSÃO: A maior freqüência de rejeição celular aguda encontrada no presente estudo, em pacientes com linfocele, sugere uma possível relação causal entre essas duas entidades.

CONTEXT: The incidence of lymphocele after renal transplantation varies between 0.6 and 18% of cases, and many factors have been associated to its etiology. Cellular rejection of the kidney allograft has been described as a possible causal factor of lymphocele. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the possible relationship between lymphocele and acute cellular rejection. DESIGN: A retrospective study. SETTING: A referral hospital center. SAMPLE: 170 patients submitted to kidney transplantation from March 1992 to January 1997. A standard technique for renal transplantation was used. RESULTS: Of the 19 patients that developed lymphocele, 16 presented at least one episode of acute cell rejection (84%), and were treated with methylprednisolone. The relation between lymphocele and rejection was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Treatment of lymphocele consisted of peritoneal marsupialization in 3 patients (15.3%), percutaneous drainage in 7 (36.8%), laparascopic marsupialization in 2 (10.5%), and conservative treatment in 7 patients (36.8%). Evolution was favorable in 15 patients (78.9%), 1 patient (5.3%) died due to a cause unrelated to lymphocele, and 3 (15.8%) lost the graft due to immunological factors. The average follow-up period was 24.5 months. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of acute cell rejection in patients with lymphocele suggests a possible causal relationship between both conditions.

O transplante de pâncreas representa, no momento, a única terapêutica capaz de determinar estado normoglicêmico constante em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 (DM1), sendo indicado particularmente nas formas graves da doença, geralmente traduzidas pelas complicações secundárias como a retinopatia, neuropatia e nefropatia. Sua indicação mais consagrada é em associação ao transplante renal para portadores de DM1 com insuficiência renal, correspondendo a cerca de 85% dos transplantes de pâncreas no mundo. O transplante de pâncreas após rim constitui outra indicação aceita, uma vez que o paciente submetido previamente ao transplante renal já se encontra sob o uso da imunossupressão. O transplante de pâncreas isolado permanece tema controverso, mas pode ser empregado em pacientes com DM instável ou com complicações secundárias da doença e função renal preservada. No presente artigo, relata-se o primeiro caso de transplante de pâncreas isolado empregando-se órgão total com drenagem vesical realizado no Brasil para o tratamento do DM instável.

Pancreas transplantation is currently the only treatment capable of establishing a constant normoglycemic state in type 1 diabetic patients (DM1). It has been particularly indicated in the most severe forms of the disease, which usually goes along with secondary complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Pancreas transplantation has been mostly used in association to kidney transplant in end-stage renal failure DM1 patients and corresponds to 85% of all pancreas transplantation. Other indication is the pancreas after kidney, once the patient previously submitted to kidney transplant is already under immunossupression. Pancreas transplant alone remains a controversial issue, however it may be indicated in brittle DM or in those with other secondary complications and stable kidney function. This paper reports the first case of pancreas transplant alone (whole organ with bladder drainage) performed in Brazil for treatment of brittle DM.